System design has conventionally been the province of engineers, and the
approaches taken to the design of systems have conventionally led to
formal specification of the system. The past decade or two has seen the
rise of another approach, that of human-computer interaction (HCI).
Given the number of incidents and accidents which are attributed to
'human error', it is sensible to develop an approach to system design
which views humans as an essential element in the system. Thus, an
important aspect of designing systems is the study of the interaction
between humans and the technology that they use. In terms of bringing
computers and computing to a wide audience, the 1980s were the boom
years. The first personal computer (PC) was launched onto the market in
February 1978, and since then, PCs have become a common-place feature of
our homes, offices, schools, retail outlets, hospitals, banks, etc.
Within Western society today, there are very few organisations that have
not been infiltrated by computer technology, and few individuals who
have not had experience of computers. However, the increase in use of
computers has not been matched with a corresponding spread of training
of users; much of the human-computer interaction research has sought to
design systems which do not require special training, i. e. which people
can simply walk up to and use. Not surprisingly, this has resulted in a
number of difficulties; some of which have yet to be satisfactorily
resolved.