The earth, viewed through the window of an airplane, shows a regularity
and reptition of features, for example, hills, valleys, rivers, lakes,
and forests. Nevertheless, there is great local variation; Vermont does
not look like Utah. Similarly, if we rise above the details of a few
programming languages, we can discern features that are common to many
languages. This is the programming language landscape; the main features
include variables, types, control structures, and input/output. Again,
there is local variation; Pascal does not look like Basic. This work is
a broad and comprehensive discussion of the principal features of the
major programming languages. A Study of Concepts The text surveys the
landscape of programming languages and its features. Each chapter
concentrates on a single language concept. A simple model of the
feature, expressed as a mini-language, is presented. This allows us to
study an issue in depth and relative isolation. Each chapter concludes
with a discussion of the way in which the concept is incorporated into
some well-known languages. This permits a reasonably complete coverage
of language issues.