The Iliad is the earliest work of Western literature, and along with
the Odyssey is the wellspring for much of Western culture. Beginning
"Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilles / and its devastation"
the Iliad describes the devastation unleashed by Achilles's rage,
engulfing soldier and civilian, hero and coward, ruler and slave and
even women and children. It is a story of heroes of immense pride and
animal strength operating in their element. But it is much more than a
great war epic.
Homer creates complex human characters. A Greek and Trojan pair,
Diomedes and Glaucus, meet on the battlefield, but realizing that they
have an ancestral connection, they exchange conversation and armour
rather than taunts and blows. King Priam kisses the hands of Achilles,
saying "I have endured what no one on earth has endured. I have kissed
the hands of the man who killed my son," an act which provokes deep
sympathy in Achilles, who in turn returns the body of heroic Hector
which he had defiled. The nearly invincible Ajax struggles to choose
between heroic glory on the battlefield and the blessing of returning to
the beloved land of his fathers. The Iliad is the story of the Trojan
War, but much more: it has many tender scenes, it critiques the idea of
the hero and it examines the role of the Gods in history.
Homer was called "the teacher of all Greece," and "the leader of
Greek culture," by Plato. Indeed, in the classical age, the Greeks
regarded the Iliad and Odyssey as much more than works of
literature; they knew much of them by heart, and they valued them as
symbols of Hellenic unity and heroism but also as sources of moral and
even practical instruction. Homer's works have been studied, quoted and
translated in every corner of Europe and his influence on the Western
imagination is immense.
This prose edition was translated by Samuel Butler, the iconoclastic
English author of the Utopian satirical novel Erewhon and the
semi-autobiographical novel The Way of All Flesh. The latter was
published posthumously as he was afraid to publish it in his lifetime.
