Ptolemy's Almagest shares with Euclid's Elements the glory of being the
scientific text longest in use. From its conception in the second
century up to the late Renaissance, this work determined astronomy as a
science. During this time the Almagest was not only a work on astronomy;
the subject was defined as what is described in the Almagest. The
cautious emancipation of the late middle ages and the revolutionary
creation of the new science in the 16th century are not conceivable
without reference to the Almagest. This text lifted European astronomy
to the high standard of knowledge on which the new science flourished.
Before, the Ptolemaic models of the orbits of the sun, the moon, and the
planets had been refined by Arabic astronomers. They provided the
structural elements with which Copernicus and Kepler ushered in the era
of modern astronomy. The Almagest survived the destruction of its
epicyclic representation of the planetary orbits in the conceptual
traces left behind in the theories of its successors. The clear
separation of the sidereal from the tropical year, the celestial
coordinate systems, the concepts of time, the forms of the
constellations, and brightness classifications of celestial objects are,
among many other things, still part of the astronomical canon even
today.