Europe's great powers formed two powerful coalitions against France, yet
force of numbers, superior leadership and the patriotic fervour of
France's citizen-soldiers not only defeated each in turn, but closed the
era of small, professional armies fighting for limited political
objectives. This period produced commanders whose names remain a by-word
for excellence in leadership to this day, Napoleon and Nelson. From
Italy to Egypt Napoleon demonstrated his strategic genius and mastery of
tactics in battles including Rivoli, the Pyramids and Marengo. Nelson's
spectacular sea victories at the Nile and Copenhagen were foretastes of
a century of British naval supremacy.