Having spent more than thirty years in the laboratory studying human
behavior under preformatted, controlled conditions, I found myself
dissatisfied with my work. It is not that my work produced no new
findings on human conduct, or that working almost exclusively with
college students gave me little information on other groups of people,
but that the study of human beings in the laboratory told me little
about the people themselves. Having been born in Europe, socialized in
the Middle East, and educated in the United States, I had entered the
profession of psychology in order to better understand different
people's behavior. What I found instead was that under uniform
conditions, imposed by the laboratory, people responded more or less in
uniform manners. The resulting behavior told me little about the people
and more about my laboratory. After considerable search for a better
understanding of my own formal training in psychology on the one hand
and my diversified cultural background on the other, I began to see that
these two early influences clashed in some basic manner. Upon further
reflection it occurred to me that my own radical transformation in a
period of six years, from a poorly educated (elementary school only)
adult to a doctor of philosophy, made me see a different world. My
earlier world of reality revolved around forms of evidence that were not
only never questioned by me, but v vi PREFACE were themselves highly
unreliable.