This study is concerned with the time-honored problem of the change that
is induced when money enters into the economy. As far back as Aristotle
(Politics, pp. 1135-1143) the still-unanswered question regarding the
dichotomy of the real-exchange and the monetary economy was raised. He
contrasted Oeconomic, where people strive to obtain real utilities
(household management), to Chrematistic, where they use money to make
more money (art of wealth-acquisition): The true wealth consists of such
values in use; for the quantity of possession of this kind, capable of
making life pleasant, is not unlimited. There is, however, a second mode
of acquiring things, to which we may by preference and with correctness
give the name of Chrematistic, and in this case there appear to be no
limits to riches and pos- sessions. Trade does not in its nature belong
to Chrematistic, for here the exchange has reference only to what is
necessary to themselves. ( . . . ) In the case of Chrematistic,
circulation is the source of riches. And it appears to revolve about
money, for money is the beginning and end of this kind of exchange.
Therefore also riches, such as Chre- matistic strives for, are
unlimited. ( . . . ) Oeconomic, not Chrematistic, has a limit ( . . .;)
the object of the former is something different from money, of the
latter the augmenta- tion of money ( . . .