This book is a selection of papers from a conference which took place at
the University of Keele in July 1982. The conference was an
extraordinarily enjoyable one, and we would like to take this
opportunity of thanking all participants for helping to make it so. The
conference was intended to allow scholars working on different aspects
of symbolic behaviour to compare findings, to look for common ground,
and to identify differences between the various areas. We hope that it
was successful in these aims: the assiduous reader may judge for
himself. Several themes emerged during the course of the conference.
Some of these were: 1. There is a distinction to be made between those
symbol systems which attempt, more or less directly, to represent a
state of affairs in the world (e. g. language, drawing, map and
navigational skill) and those in which the representational function is
complemented, if not overshadowed, by properties of the symbol system
itself, and the systematic inter-relations that symbols can have to one
another (e. g. music, mathematics). The distinction is not absolute, for
the nature of all symbolic skills is, in part, a function of the
structure of the symbolic system employed. Nonetheless, this distinction
helps us to understand some common acquisition difficulties, such as
that experienced in mathematics, where mental manipulation of symbols
can go awry if a child assumes too close a correspondence between
mathematical symbols and the world they represent. 2.