After the Second World War the number of biliary diseases has abruptly
risen and lithiasis has become in many regions the most frequent
surgical disease of the abdomen. At present, though there are
perspectives of rational conservative treat- ment and though endoscopic
techniques permit removing some of its complications even without
laparotomy, the basic treatment method still remains, and probably shall
remain for long the classical surgical intervention. On the contrary,
the indications for such intervention are always widening, as its risks
become always smaller and the requirements for prevention higher. Many
books have been written on the surgery of biliary ducts, but recent
knowledge is growing so rapidly that it forces within short periods its
new integration and critical assessment. Attention is mostly paid to
interventions on the biliary ducts with their wide scope of problems and
to the prevention and treatment of postoperative disturbances. New and
more perfect diagnostic possibilities and some more suitable technical
procedures as well require comparison and verification, introduce new
aspects on old problems, and even change some established rules.