Brian Harvey recounts for the first time the definitive history of
scientific Russian space probes and the knowledge they acquired of the
Earth, its environment, the Moon, Mars and Venus. He examines what
Russian Space Science has actually achieved in furthering our knowledge
of the Solar System, focusing on the instrumentation and scientific
objectives and outcomes, the information gained and lessons learnt.
Boxes and charts are used extensively in order to convey in an easily
understandable manner for the non-scientific reader the problems and
issues addressed and solved by Soviet space science. The book opens with
the story of early space science in Russia, which started when the first
Russian rockets were fired into the high atmosphere from Kapustin Yar in
the late 1940s. Instruments were carried to measure and map the
atmosphere and later rockets carried dogs to test their reactions to
weightlessness. In order to beat America into Earth orbit, two simpler
satellites than originally planned were launched, Sputnik and Sputnik 2,
which provided some initial information on atmospheric density, while
the following Sputnik 3 carried twelve instruments to measure radiation
belts, solar radiation, the density of the atmosphere and the Earth's
magnetic field. The author recounts how, by the 1960s, the Soviet Union
had developed a program of investigation of near-Earth space using
satellites within the Cosmos program, in particular the DS
(Dnepropetrovsky Sputnik), small satellites developed to investigate
meteoroids, radiation, the magnetic fields, the upper atmosphere, solar
activity, ionosphere, charged particles, cosmic rays and geophysics.
Brian Harvey then gives the scientific results from Russian lunar
exploration, starting with the discovery of the solar wind by the First
Cosmic Ship and the initial mapping of the lunar far side by the
Automatic Interplanetary Station. He describes Luna 10, which made the
first full study of the lunar environment, Luna 16 which brought soil
back to Earth and the two Moon rovers which travelled 50 kms across the
lunar surface taking thousands of measurements, soil analyses and
photographs, as well as profiles of discrete areas. Chapters 4 and 5
describe in detail the scientific outcomes of the missions to Venus and
Mars, before considering the orbiting space stations in Chapter 6. Space
science formed an important part of the early manned space program, the
prime focus being the human reaction to weightlessness, how long people
could stay in orbit and the effects on the body, as well as radiation
exposure. Chapter 7 looks at the later stage of Soviet and Russian space
science, including Astron and Granat, the two observatories of the
1980s, and Bion, the space biology program which flew monkeys and other
animals into orbit. The final chapter looks forward to a new period of
Russian space science with the Spektr series of observatories and a
range smaller science satellites under the Federal Space Plan 2006-2015.
