This monograph describes psychology in changing political environ-ments
in Tsarist Russia in the mid of 19th century, the Soviet Union, and the
Russian Federation until the year 2000. Russia and the Soviet Union are
of special interest, because of the multitude of political changes.
There were not only the so-called October-Revolution in 1917, which
initiated the Soviet rule, and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in
1990. But there were also a multitude of changes in Soviet times. In the
begin-ning of the Soviet rule there were many new developments in
sciences, which also affected psychology. Since Stalin assumed power,
there were many developments and ideological restrictions as well.