It is common to assert that utility investors are compensated in the
allowed rate of return for the risk of large disallowances, such as
arise for investments found imprudent or not `used and useful'.
However, this book develops a new theory of asymmetric regulatory risk
that shows that infallible estimates of the cost of capital are sure to
provide downward-biased estimates of the necessary allowed rates of
return in the presence of such regulatory risks. The book uses the new
theory of regulatory risk to understand recent developments in the risk
of natural gas pipelines and other regulated industries.