Among the various multi-level formulations of mathematical models in
decision making processes, this book focuses on the bi-level model.
Being the most frequently used, the bi-level model addresses conflicts
which exist in multi-level decision making processes. From the
perspective of bi-level structure and uncertainty, this book takes
real-life problems as the background, focuses on the so-called
random-like uncertainty, and develops the general framework of
random-like bi-level decision making problems. The random-like
uncertainty considered in this book includes random phenomenon,
random-overlapped random (Ra-Ra) phenomenon and fuzzy-overlapped random
(Ra-Fu) phenomenon. Basic theory, models, algorithms and practical
applications for different types of random-like bi-level decision making
problems are also presented in this book.