This book starts by analyzing the inability of functional description in
product design to demonstrate the necessity of involving affordance, and
then reviews and compares the use of affordance in Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), design, psychology, and
philosophy. A research opportunity identified from the review and
comparison is to qualify the affordance-based design. Therefore, a new
categorization scheme of affordances applicable for product design is
proposed, including doing and happening Artifact-Artifact Affordances
(dAAA and hAAA), doing and happening Artifact-Environment Affordances
(dAEA and hAEA), and doing and happening Artifact-User Affordances (dAUA
and hAUA). The new scheme is then validated based on the requirements of
a taxonomy.