This book provides a key to understanding why there was an increase in
extra-marital fertility in Japan from the 1990s to the 2010s,
particularly between 1995 and 2015, and the factors which contribute to
the multistratification of unmarried mothers, the number of which has
increased ensuingly. It also allows for international comparison by
providing data on outcomes of extra-marital childbirth.
Previously, it was believed that the idea of a 'second demographic
transition' did not apply to Japan, which had a relatively low rate of
extra-marital fertility. However, more recently, though still at a low
level, a subtle but gradual rise is seen in the number of women who
become unmarried mothers as a result of births outside marriage.
This trend suggests that the social environment surrounding pregnancy,
childbirth, and marriage is changing. In this book, various data such as
national statistics, nationwide surveys, and media discourse are
analysed with a view to revealing the factors affecting unmarried
women's decisions when they discover they are pregnant. Various matters
are discussed, such as changes in sexual activity and contraceptive use,
advance in reproductive technology, the law and government policies
pertaining to adoption, social consciousness towards unwed mothers, the
change in perception of abortion from the religious perspective, and
difference of socioeconomic status depending on the women's occupation.
Facts from vital statistics are first laid out, showing that, while
abortion has consistently been on the decrease from the 1990s onward,
shotgun marriages have peaked out. Adoption is rare and remains very
small in proportion, while extra-marital fertility is on the rise. The
author then points to the possibility that greater lenience found in the
social consciousness towards unwed mothers in recent years is a pull
factor for the increase in extra-marital fertility. Further, by
analysing vital statistics, it is revealed that the probability of
becoming a mother without marrying changed with the woman's occupation,
explicable by the stability of employment and level of income, and that
between 1995 and 2015, the effects of the job factor are changing.
If we assume that, unlike the first demographic transition model, the
'second demographic transition' may show a similar direction but be on a
different scale according to the country, it is possible to say that
Japan too is experiencing the 'second demographic transition'.
