This book is all about finite wordlength errors in digital filters, con-
trollers and estimators, and how to minimize the deleterious effects of
these errors on the performance of these devices. This does by no means
imply that all about finite wordlength errors in filters, controllers
and estimators is to be found in this book. We first ventured into the
world of finite wordlength effects in 1987 when Gang Li began his PhD
thesis in this area. Our more experienced readers might well say 'This
shows', but we believe that the extent of our new contributions largely
offsets our relative inexperience about the subject that might surface
here and there in the book. Our naive view on the subject of finite
wordlength errors in 1987 could probably be summarized as follows: -
numerical errors due to finite wordlength encoding and roundoff are
something that one has to live with, and there is probably not much that
can be done about them except to increase the wordlength by improvements
on the hardware; - these errors are as old as finite arithmetic and
numerical analysis and they must therefore be well understood by now; -
thus, if something can be done to minimize their effects, it must have
been analysed and put into practice a long time ago. It is almost fair
to say that we were wrong on all counts.