Some general aspects of opiate dependence are described in a first
section including a brief historical description and an explanation of
the different models currently used to investigate opiate dependence.
The neurobiological bases of opiate withdrawal are detailed in a second
section, which particularly emphasizes the neurophysiological adaptative
changes, the processes of homologous and heterologous regulation, and
the role played by different brain structures and several endogenous
peptides acting as antiopiates. The last part reports several basic
aspects more directly related to the clinical perspectives of opiate
dependence, such as the new expectations in the treatment of opiate
withdrawal or the relationships between sensitization, tolerance and
withdrawal.