This brief reviews the fundamentals, recent developments, challenges and
prospects of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including fundamental research
and potential applications. It starts with a brief overview encompassing
the current state of Li-S and Li-O2 battery technology. It then provides
general information on Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including the
electrochemical processes and battery components. The following sections
focus on the historical and recent development of Li-S and Li-O2
batteries respectively, offering detailed insights into the key material
development, cell assembly, diagnostic test and mechanism of electrolyte
decomposition. Lastly, it focuses on the main promising applications of
Li-S and Li-O2 batteries together with their challenges and potential