Two months after D-Day, just as the battle of Normandy was reaching its
climax, with all eyes on the Falaise Pocket, the Allies unleashed the
second invasion of France, not in the Pas de Calais but the French
Riviera. Immaculately planned, effectively undertaken, the Allies
quickly broke out of their bridgehead, drove 400 miles into France in
three weeks, and liberated 10,000 square miles of French territory while
inflicting 143,250 German casualties. On September 10 they linked up
with Patton's Third Army and advanced into the Vosges Mountains, taking
Strasbourg and holding the area against the Germans' final big attack in
the west: Operation Nordwind in January 1945.
US Seventh Army and 6th Army Group undertook a successful campaign
placing a third Allied army group with its own independent supply lines
in northeastern France, at a time when the two northern Allied army
groups were stretched to the limit. Without this force the Allies would
have struggled to hold the frontage to Switzerland and Third Army would
have been exposed to attack in its southern flank--something that could
have had disastrous repercussions particularly during the Ardennes
offensive of December 1944.
The images of palm trees and azure seas obscure our view of this
campaign. It was no cakewalk. The Germans knew the Allies were coming
and had strong defenses in the area. A shortage of landing craft,
vehicles, and matériel meant that the US Seventh and French First armies
were restricted in the assault. The heavy fog and anti-glider defenses
made for a difficult airborne assault, but it was carried out
effectively, the amphibious assault was textbook in execution and the
invasion of southern France ended up as a significant victory.
But the story of 6th Army Group wasn't finished. Taking up a position on
the east flank of Third Army it fought its way through the Vosges and
withstood the Germans' last throw: Operation Nordwind--the vain attempt
to relieve pressure on the Ardennes assault by attacking in the Vosges.
Heavy fighting pressed hard towards Strasbourg but the Allies were
ultimately victorious, inflicting severe losses on the Germans.
