Linear differential equations with periodic coefficients constitute a
well developed part of the theory of ordinary differential equations
[17, 94, 156, 177, 178, 272, 389]. They arise in many physical and
technical applications [177, 178, 272]. A new wave of interest in this
subject has been stimulated during the last two decades by the
development of the inverse scattering method for integration of
nonlinear differential equations. This has led to significant progress
in this traditional area [27, 71, 72, 111- 119, 250, 276, 277, 284,
286, 287, 312, 313, 337, 349, 354, 392, 393, 403, 404]. At the same
time, many theoretical and applied problems lead to periodic partial
differential equations. We can mention, for instance, quantum mechanics
[14, 18, 40, 54, 60, 91, 92, 107, 123, 157-160, 192, 193, 204, 315,
367, 412, 414, 415, 417], hydrodynamics [179, 180], elasticity theory
[395], the theory of guided waves [87-89, 208, 300], homogenization
theory [29, 41, 348], direct and inverse scattering [175, 206, 216,
314, 388, 406-408], parametric resonance theory [122, 178], and
spectral theory and spectral geometry [103- 105, 381, 382, 389]. There
is a sjgnificant distinction between the cases of ordinary and partial
differential periodic equations. The main tool of the theory of periodic
ordinary differential equations is the so-called Floquet theory [17,
94, 120, 156, 177, 267, 272, 389]. Its central result is the following
theorem (sometimes called Floquet-Lyapunov theorem) [120, 267].