A unique feature of this open access textbook is to provide a
comprehensive introduction to the fundamental knowledge in embedded
systems, with applications in cyber-physical systems and the Internet of
things. It starts with an introduction to the field and a survey of
specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical
systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such
systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded
systems, including real-time operating systems. The author also
discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems and
provides an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution
platforms, including multi-core platforms. Embedded systems have to
operate under tight constraints and, hence, the book also contains a
selected set of optimization techniques, including software optimization
techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing. This fourth
edition has been updated and revised to reflect new trends and
technologies, such as the importance of cyber-physical systems (CPS) and
the Internet of things (IoT), the evolution of single-core processors to
multi-core processors, and the increased importance of energy efficiency
and thermal issues.