his study places Defoe's major fiction squarely in the emerging Whig
culture of the early eighteenth century. It offers an alternative to the
view that Defoe is essentially a writer of criminal or adventure fiction
and to the Marxist judgment that he extols individualism or derives his
greatest inspiration from popular print culture. This study reads the
novels as reflections of mainstream Whig social and political concerns,
the same concerns Defoe revealed in his verse and expository writings
before and after his major period of fiction writing, 1719-24.