The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the
neutron monitor, a key research tool in the field of space physics and
solar-terrestrial relations. In honor of this occasion a workshop
entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized to review the detection
of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth,
including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial
environment. A special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the
investigation of this radiation, on the science enabled by the unique
dataset of the worldwide network of neutron monitors, and on continuing
opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding problems. This book
is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu-
tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop
prepared by the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by
Professor John Simpson describing his invention of the neutron monitor
in 1948 and the early scientific discoveries made with this instrument.