The story of conscientious objection in Britain begins in 1916, when
conscription was introduced for the first time. Some 16,000 men -- the
first conscientious objectors -- refused conscription because they
believed on grounds of conscience that it was wrong to kill and wrong of
any government to force them to do so. As historians mark the centenary
of the First World War much emphasis is placed on the bravery of those
men who fought and died in the trenches. But those who refused to kill
were also courageous. Conscientious objectors in the First World War
were treated brutally: they were seen as cowards and traitors, vilified,
abused, forced into the army, brutalized and tortured. Some were even
sentenced to death in an attempt to break their resistance. Many spent
long months and years in prison. Nothing though that the authorities did
broke the determined resistance of these men, whose deeply held
principles and belief that killing was wrong carried them through and
stands as a beacon for individual conscience to this day.
Conscientious Objectors of the First World War: A Determined Resistance
tells the stories of these remarkable men. It looks at who they were,
why they took the stand they did and how they were treated. To bring
their voices and experiences to life, Ann Kramer, has used extensive
prime source material, including interviews, memoirs and contemporary
newspapers. Working from these she describes what it was like for COs to
face hostile tribunals, be forced into the army, defy army regulations,
be brutalized and endure repeated terms of imprisonment. She concludes
by looking at their legacy, which was profound, inspiring a second
generation of conscientious objectors during the Second World War, a
continuing story that Ann Kramer describes in her companion volume
Conscientious Objectors of the Second World War: Refusing to Kill.
