The attacks in New York on September 11, 2001, and in Madrid on March
11, 2004, provoked diverse political reactions, but the imminence of the
ruins triggered a collective historical awakening. In Cities in Ruins,
Cecilia Enjuto Rangel argues that the portrayal in poetry of the modern
city as a disintegrated, ruined space is part of a critique of the
visions of progress and the historical process of modernization that
developed during the nineteenth century and the first half of the
twentieth century. Enjuto Rangel's study investigates the virtually
unexplored map of modern ruins in modern poetry. She interprets modern
poetry on ruins as a critique of both capitalist definitions of progress
and the devastating effects of modern warfare. Furthermore, she argues
that the representation of ruins provokes a "historical awakening" that
empowers the text, and the reader, with political and historical agency.