Summarizing, in The Uses of Argument Toulmin emphasized a number of
points that are by now familiar, but still deserve attention: 1.
Reasoning and argument involve not only support for points of view, but
also attack against them. 2. Reasoning can have qualified conclusions.
3. There are other good types of argument than those of standard formal
logic. 4. Unstated assumptions linking premisses to a conclusion are
better thought of as inference licenses than as implicit premisses. 5.
Standards of reasoning can be field dependent, and can be themselves the
subject of argumentation. Each of these points is illustrated by his
layout of arguments. The rebuttal illustrates the first point, the
qualifier the second point, and the warrant and backing the last three
points. 2. RECEPTION OF TOULMIN'S BOOK As Toulmin himself notes in his
essay in this volume, which was delivered as an address in 2005, his
fellow philosophers we re initially hostile to the ideas in his book.
They were taken up, however, by specialists in fields like jurisprudence
and psychology, who found that they fit the form s of argument and
reasoning that they were studying. And Toulmin's model was embraced by
the field of speech communication in the United States, whose textbooks
on argumentation now include an obligatory chapter on the Toulmin model
of micro arguments.
