One of the questions that non-archaeologists often ask us is how we find
archaeo- logical sites. Today we often provide a pat answer about random
or systematic sam- pling, or perhaps about fieldwalking. This does not
do justice to what archaeologists actually do, or to the body of theory
and methods we have built up. After decades of carrying out surveys with
intuitive designs, in the 1960s some archaeologists began to deal more
explicitly with the design of archaeological surveys. Some seminal
articles on aspects of archaeological survey design followed over the
next two decades but, unlike excavation methods, archaeological survey
has received no comprehensive treatment that could serve as a guide to
survey practitioners. The main purpose of this book is to fill this gap.
In addition, most archaeologists have been reluctant to discuss aspects
of survey other than sampling and a few of the factors that influence
detection probability. They have also almost completely ignored the
large body of literature on search theory that cognate fields have
generated. In an attempt to put archaeological survey on a consistent
theoretical "and methodological basis, I have drawn on research in
archaeology, math- ematical earth sciences, and operations research.
This will result, I think, in some sur- prises for archaeologists, who
have sometimes struggled to identify and understand sur- vey problems
that other fields had already studied intensively.