Oceans have been the subject of scientific inquiry for hundreds of
years, but significant study of mineral occurrences on the deep ocean
floor has only begun to take place. Man's present knowledge of the ocean
floor had to await the development of sophisticated research equipment
capable of probing the ocean to great depths. This began in the 1940's
and since then the accelerated pace of ocean research has generated a
large amount of data on the ocean environment - mostly through the work
of academic and governmental scientific organizations around the globe.
These new scientific disclosures confirmed the wide-spread occurrence of
metal-bearing lumps on the deep ocean floor that hold great promise as
an important new source of raw material. Encouraged by these events,
several groups of private, semi-private, and public enterprises became
active; a transition occurred from scientific interest in the
metal-bearing lumps to commercial interest. But these pioneer developers
faced a formidable task. Information about the minerals and their
environment of deposition was inadequate; technology for mining them
continuously was non-existent and very little was known about the
adaptability of processing technologies for land-based ores to these
minerals.