A political economy approach to prehistory offers a robust means to
understand different pathways to complexity. Why do states with extreme
inequality develop quickly in some circumstance, while in others
egalitarian societies continue for thousands of years? The search for
primary drivers like population density, warfare, trade, irrigation, or
information have proven largely inadequate. This essay argues that
economic relations and their potential for control of surplus
mobilization explain alternative evolutionary trajectories in human
societies.