In a relatively short span of time, computers have evolved from huge
mainframes to small and elegant desktop computers, and now to low-power,
ultra-portable handheld devices. Witheachpassinggeneration,
computersconsistingofprocessors, memoriesandperipherals
becamesmallerandfaster.Forexample,
the?rstcommercialcomputerUNIVACIcosted $1 million dollars, occupied 943
cubic feet space and could perform 1,905 operations per second [94].
Now, a processor present in an electric shaver easily outperforms the
early mainframe computers. The miniaturization is largely due to the
efforts of engineers and scientists that made the expeditious progress
in the microelectronic technologies possible. According to Moore's Law
[90], the advances in technology allow us to double the number of
transistors on a single silicon chip every 18 months. This has lead to
an exponential increase in the number of transistors on a chip, from
2,300 in an Intel 4004 to 42 millions in Intel Itanium processor [55].
Moore's Law has withstood for 40 years and is predicted to remain valid
for at least another decade [91].
Notonlytheminiaturizationanddramaticperformanceimprovementbutalsothesign-
icantdropinthepriceofprocessors,
hasleadtosituationwheretheyarebeingintegratedinto products, such as
cars, televisions and phones which are not usually associated with c-
puters.This new trend has also been called the disappearing computer,
where the computer does not actually disappear but it is everywhere
[85]. Digital devices containing processors now constitute a major
part of our daily lives. Asmalllistofsuchdevicesincludesmicrowaveovens,
televisionsets, mobilephones, digital cameras, MP3 players and cars.
Whenever a system comprises of information processing
digitaldevicestocontrolortoaugmentitsfunctionality,
suchasystemistermedanembedded system. Therefore, all the above listed
devices can be also classi?ed as embedded systems.
